Description

This group is defined here as invertebrate organisms collectively occupying lower to mid-trophic trophic levels, and distributed throughout pelagic (neritic and oceanic) habitats, often associated with distinct water masses and frontal zones. Though most taxa, namely zooplankton and krill, occupy epipelagic depths (<200 m), many squid species have been reported in bathypelagic depths (<1000 m). Many taxa within this group are capable of vertical migration, a pattern of movement between the epipelagic and mesopelagic zones, generally in response to certain stimuli, including light intensity, and most typically to access food and/or predation avoidance.   

Taxonomy and SOKI directory

KingdomPhylumSubphylumClassOrderFamilyGenera/speciesAuthorityCommon nameImageImage Source
AnimaliaArthropodaCrustaceaMalacostracaEuphasiaceaEuphausiidaeEuphausia superbaDana, 1850Antarctic krill 

Antarctic krill

Steve Nicol
AnimaliaArthropodaCrustaceaMalacostracaEuphasiaceaEuphausiidaeInclude Thysanoessa macrura, Euphausia crystallorophias, E. frigida, E. triacantha, E. vallentini and many other less numerically abundant species

G.O. Sars, 1883;

Dana, 1850

Other krill

AnimaliaArthropodaCrustaceaMalacostracaAmphipodaHyperiidaeInclude Themisto gaudichaudii (pictured), and Hyperiella spp. including H. antarctica, H. dilatata, H. macrocephala, and H. macronyx

Dana, 1853; 

Guérin-Méneville, 1825

Amphipods

image2019-5-27_14-48-55.png

http://copepedia.org/?id=T4000809
AnimaliaArthropodaCrustaceaMalacostracaAmphipodaPhrosinidaePrimno macropaGuérin-Méneville, 1825Amphipods

Zeidler and De Broyer (2009)
AnimaliaArthropodaCrustaceaMalacostracaAmphipodaVibiliidae

Vibilia antarctica 

Stebbing, 1888Amphipods

Zeidler and De Broyer (2009)
AnimaliaArthropodaCrustaceaMalacostracaAmphipodaCyllopodiadae

Cyllopus lucasii

Dana, 1852Amphipods

Zeidler and De Broyer (2009)
AnimaliaArthropodaCrustaceaCopepodaCalanoida


Antarctic copepods

Jake Wallis
AnimaliaChordataTunicataThaliacea  Salpida Salpidae Salpa thompsoniFoxton, 1961Salps

Larry Madin, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
AnimaliaMollusca
Cephalopoda



Squid

Paul Rodhouse
AnimaliaMollusca

Gastropoda

Subclass: Heterobranchia

Infraclass: Euthyneura 

Infraclass: Euthyneura Clade: ThecosomataLimacina helicina f. antarctica (pictured), L. helicina f. rangii, and L. retroversa

d'Orbigny, 1834;

Phipps, 1774

Pteropods-Thecosomes

Hunt et al. 2010
AnimaliaMollusca

Gastropoda

Subclass: Heterobranchia

Infraclass: Euthyneura 

Infraclass: Euthyneura Clade: ThecosomataClio pyramidata f. sulcataPfeffer, 1879Pteropods-Thecosomes

Roberts et al. 2014
Infrakingdom: AlveolataCiliophoraSpirotricheaSubclass: ChoreotrichiaTintinnida

Ptychocylididae;

Codonellopsidae

Most common species: Cymatocylis affinis, Laackmanniella naviculaefera, Steenstrupiella possi, and Cymatocylis antarctica

Laackmann, 1807; 1810;

Baleoh, 1842;

Cleve, 1901


Ciliates

southern ocean species.png

Dolan and Pierce, 2014
Infrakingdom: AlveolataCiliophoraSpirotricheaSubclass: Oligotrich



Ciliates

Summary role in ecosystem

Trophic links between primary production and mid- to upper trophic level organisms such as seabirds, penguins, whales, seals, and fishes.

Some taxa, such as Antarctic krill, are considered keystone species.

Summary of content 

Group/speciesLife historyMigration & movementDietEnergeticsHabitatRelationships, limits, thresholdsDistributionPopulation estimatesPopulation dynamicsConsumers and competitorsThreatsStatus assessments
Antarctic krill
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Euphausiidae (other krill)
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Amphipods
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Copepods
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Salps
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Squid
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Thecosome pteropods
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Tintinnid ciliates
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Oligotrich ciliates
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Resources

IUCN Redlist:

Antarctic kril, Euphausia superba: https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/64239743/64239951

Small nectonic squid: 

Brachioteuthis picta: https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/162956/957785

Gonatus antarcticus: https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/163362/1002013

Slosarczykovia circumantarctica: https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/190917/1960926

Onychoteuthid & Ommastrephid squid: 

Kondakovia longimana: https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/163403/1005247

Martialia hyadesi: https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/163311/996411

Todarodes filippovae: https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/162900/951370

Other mesopelagic & bathypelagic squid:

Psychroteuthis glacialis: https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/163026/964719

Batoteuthis skolops: https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/163108/973433

Histioteuthis eltaninae: https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/162934/955048


Taxonomic and distributional data available for many species at: 

http://www.marinespecies.org/index.php

https://obis.org/

References

Hunt, B.P.V., Strugnell, J., Bednaršek, N., Linse, K., Nelson, R.J., Pakhomov, E., Seibel, B., Steinke, D., & Würzberg, L. (2010). Poles apart: the "bipolar" pteropod species Limacina helicina is genetically distinct between the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans. PLoS One, 5. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009835

Roberts, D., Hopcroft, R.R., & Hosie, G.W. (2014). 6.4. Southern Ocean Pteropods. In De Broyer, C., Koubbi, P. (Eds). Biogeographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean. pp. 309-320. SCAR, Cambridge.

Zeidler, W. & De Broyer, C. (2009). Catalogue of the Hyperiidean Amphipoda (Crustacea) of the Southern Ocean with distribution and ecological data. Synopsis of the Amphipoda of the Southern Ocean Brussel: Institut royal des sciences naturelles de Belgique, Koninklijk Belgisch institutt voor natuurwetenschappen.

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